Bearing Life Expectancy
The L-10 life of an anti-friction bearing is the minimum expected life, hours of 90 % of a group of bearings which are operating at a given speed and loading. The average expected life of the bearing is approximately five times the L-10 life.

BHN
Brinell hardness number, measurement of material hardness.

Box Section
The rectangular cross section of girders, end trucks or other members enclosed on four sides.

Brake
A device, other than a motor, used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.

Branch Circuit
The circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).

Bridge
That part of an overhead crane consisting of girders, end trucks, end ties, walkway and drive mechanism which carries the trolley and travels in a direction parallel to the runway.

Bridge Conductor
The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley and hoisting machineries.

Bridge Rail
The rail supported by the bridge girders on which the trolley travels.

Bumper (Buffer)
An energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come into contact.

Cab-Operated Crane
A crane controlled by an operator in a cab located on the bridge or trolley.

Camber
The slight upward vertical curve given to girders to compensate partially for deflection due to hook load and dead weight of the crane.

Capacity
The maximum rated load which a crane is designed to handle.

Clearance
Minimum distance from the extremity of a crane to the nearest obstruction.

CMAA
Crane Manufacturers Association of America.

CSA
Canadian Standards Association. Crane, as an entire assembly, must be CSA certified.

CSA 'NRTL/C'
Indicator appearing adjacent to the CSA mark signifies that the industrial control equipment meets U.S. standards.

Collectors
Contacting devices for collecting current from the runway or bridge conductors. The mainline collectors are mounted on the bridge to transmit current from the runway conductors, and the trolley collectors are mounted on the trolley to transmit current from the bridge conductors.

Contactor, Magnetic
An electro-magnetic device for opening and closing an electric power circuit.

Controller
A device for regulating in a predetermined way the power delivered to the motor or other equipment.

Counter-Torque
A method of control by which the motor is reversed to develop power to the opposite direction.

Cross Shaft
The shaft extending across the bridge used to transmit torque from motor to bridge drive wheels.

Cushioned Start
An electrical or mechanical method for reducing the rate of acceleration of a travel motion.

Dead Load
A load on a structure which remains in a fixed position relative to the structure. On a crane bridge such loads include the girders, footwalk, cross shaft, drive units, panels, etc.

Deflection
Displacement due to bending or twisting in a vertical or lateral plane, caused by the imposed live and dead loads.

Diaphragm
A plate or partition between opposite parts of a member, serving a definite purpose in the structural design of the member.

Drive
The assembly of the motor and gear unit used to propel the bridge or trolley.

Drive Girder
The girder on which side the bridge drive machinery is mounted.

Drum
The cylindrical member around which the hoisting ropes are wound for lifting and lowering the load.

Dummy Cab
An operator’s compartment or platform on a pendant or radio controlled crane, having no permanently mounted electrical controls, in which an operator may ride while controlling the crane.

Dynamic Lowering
A method of control by which the hoist motor is so connected in the lowering direction, that when it is over-hauled by the load, it acts as a generator and forces current either through the resistors or back into the line. i.e., regenerative braking.

Eddy-Current Braking
A method of control by which the motor drives through an electrical induction load brake.

Efficiency Of Gearing And Sheaves
The percentage of force transmitted through these components that is not lost to friction.

Electric Overhead Traveling Crane
An electrically operated machine for lifting, lowering and transporting loads, consisting of a movable bridge carrying a fixed or movable hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead runway structure.

Electrical Braking System
A method of controlling crane motor speed when in an overhauling condition, without the use of friction braking.

Enclosed Conductor(s)
A conductor or group of conductors substantially enclosed to prevent accidental contact.

Enclosure
A housing that contains electrical components, usually specified by a NEMA or CSA classification number.

End Approach
The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the outermost extremities of the crane and the centerline of the hook.

End Tie
A structural member other than the end truck which connects the ends of the girders to maintain the squareness of the bridge.

End Truck
A unit consisting of truck frame, wheels, bearings, axles, etc., which supports a bridge girder.

Endstop
A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.

Fail-Safe
A provision designed to automatically stop or safely control any motion in which a malfunction occurs.

Field Wiring
The wiring required after erection of the crane.

Fixed Axle
An axle which is fixed in the end truck and on which the wheel revolves.

Floor-Operated Crane
A crane that is pendant controlled by an operator on the floor or an independent platform.

Footwalk
The walkway with handrail and toeboards attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes.

Gantry Crane
A crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails.

Girders
The principle horizontal beams of the crane bridge, which supports the trolley, and are supported by the end trucks.

Ground Fault
An accidental conducting connection between the electrical circuit or equipment and the earth or some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.

Hoist
A machinery unit that is used for lifting and lowering a load.

Holding Brake
A brake that automatically prevents motion when power is off.

Hook Approach
The minimum horizontal distance between the center of the runway rail and the hook.

Hydraulic Brake
A brake that provides retarding or a stopping motion by hydraulic means.

Idler Sheave
A sheave used to equalize tension in opposite parts of a rope. Because of its slight movement, it is not termed as running sheave.

Impact Allowance
Additional hook load assumed to result from the dynamic effect of the live load.

Industrial Duty Crane
Service classification covered by CMAA Specification No. 70 and Specification No. 74, 'Specifications for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes'.

Insulation Class
Motor winding insulation rating which indicates its ability to withstand heat and moisture.

K.S.I.
Kips per square inch, measurement of stress intensity.

KIP
A unit of force equivalent to 1000 lbs.

KN
KiloNewton, a metric unit of force, equivalent to mass (kg) times gravity (9.81).

Knee Brace
The diagonal structural member joining the building column and roof truss.

Lateral Forces
Horizontal forces perpendicular to the axis of the member being considered.

Lift
Maximum safe vertical distance through which the hook, magnet, or bucket can move.

Lift Cycle
Single lifting and lowering motion (with or without load).

Lifting Devices
Buckets, magnets, grabs and other supplemental devices, the weight of which is to be considered part of the rated load, used for ease in handling certain types of loads.

Limit Switch
A device designed to cut off the power automatically at or near the limit of travel for the crane motion.

Line Contactor
A contactor to disconnect power from the supply lines.

Liveload
A load which moves relative to the structure under consideration.

Load Block
The assembly of hook, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins and frame suspended by the hoisting ropes.

Load Carry Part
Any part of the crane in which the induced stress is influenced by the load on the hook.

Load Cycle
One lift cycle with load plus one lift cycle without load.

Longitudinal Stiffeners
Horizontal members attached to the web of the bridge girder to prevent web buckling.

Magnetic Control
A means of controlling direction and speed by using magnetic contactors and relays.

Main Disconnect Switch
A manual switch which breaks the power lines leading from the main line collectors.

Manual-Magnetic Disconnect Switch
A power disconnecting means consisting of a magnetic contactor that can be operated by remote pushbutton and can be manually operated by a handle on the switch.

Master Switch
A manually operated device which serves to govern the operation of contactors and auxiliary devices of an electric control.

Match Marking
Identification of non-interchangeable parts for re-assembly after shipment.

Mechanical Load Brake
An automatic type of friction brake used for controlling loads in the lowering direction. This unidirectional device requires torque from the motor to lower a load but does not impose additional load on the motor when lifting a load.

Mean Effective Load
A load used in durability calculations accounting for both maximum and minimum loads.

Mill Duty Crane
Service classification covered by AISE Standard No. 6, ‘Specification for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes for Steel Mill Services’.

Multiple Girder Crane
A crane which has two or more girders for supporting the live load.

Non-Coasting Mechanical Drive
A drive with coasting characteristics such that it will stop the motion within a distance in feet equal to 10 percent of the rated speed in feet per minute when traveling at rated speed with rated load.

Operator's Cab
A machine operator's compartment from which movements of the crane are controlled. To be specified by the manufacturer as open, having only sides or a railing around the operator, or enclosed, complete with roof, windows, etc.

Overload
Any load greater than the rated load.

Overload Limit Device
A mechanical or electrical apparatus that prevents the crane from lifting loads greater than the safe working load.

Overload Protection (Overcurrent)
A device operative on excessive current to cause and maintain the interruption or reduction of current flow to the equipment governed.

Qualified
A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate of professional standing or excessive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work.

Rated Load
The maximum load which the crane is designed to handle safely as designated by the manufacturer.

Rail Sweep
A mechanical device attached to the end truck of a bridge or trolley, located in front of the leading wheels, to remove foreign objects from the rail.

Regenerating Braking
A method of controlling speed in which electrical energy generated by the motor is fed back into the power system.

Regulated Speed
A function which tends to maintain constant motor speed for any load for a given speed setting of the controller.

Remote Operated Crane
A crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the crane, by any method other than pendant or rope control.

Remote Radio Control
A cordless means of control, utilizing analytical or digital radio signals to secure controls even in noisy environments.

Resistor Rating
Rating established by NEMA, which classifies resistors according to percent of full load current on first point and duty cycle.

Rotating Axle
An axle which rotates with the wheel.

Running Sheave
A sheave which rotates as the hook is raised or lowered.

Runway
The rails, beams, brackets and framework on which the crane operates.

Runway Conductor
The main conductors mounted on or parallel to the runway, which supplies current to the crane.

Runway Rail
The rail supported by the runway beams on which the bridge travels.

Shall
This work indicates that the requirement is based upon sound engineering judgment at the time of publication of this specification.

Sheave
A grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope or chain to change direction and point of application of a pulling force.

Should
This work indicates that the requirement is a recommendation, the advisability of which depends on the facts in each situation.

Side Pull
The angle by which the load block is being operated outside of the vertical lifting plane (not recommended).

Skeleton Cab
Same as dummy cab.

Skewing Forces
Lateral forces on the bridge truck wheels caused by the bridge girders not running perpendicular to the runways. Some normal skewing occurs in all bridges.

Span
The horizontal distance center-to-center of runway rails.

Static Control
A method of switching electrical circuits without the use of contacts.

Stepless Control
A type of control system with infinite speed control between minimum speed and full force.

Stepped Control
A type of control system with fixed speed points.

Strength, Average Ultimate
The average tensile force per unit of cross sectional area required to rupture the material as determined by test.

Sweep
Maximum lateral deviation from straightness of a structural member, measured at right angles to the Y-Y axis.

TEFC
Totally enclosed fan cooled.

TENV
Totally enclosed non-ventilated.

Torque, Full Load (Motor)
The torque produced by a motor operating at its rated horsepower and speed.

Torsional Box Girder
Girder in which the trolley rail is located over one web.

Torsional Forces
Forces which can cause twisting of a member.

Trolley
The unit carrying the hoisting mechanism which travels on the bridge rails.

Trolley Frame
The basic structure of the trolley on which are mounted the hoisting and traversing mechanisms.

Two Blocking
A condition under which the load block or load suspended from the hook becomes jammed against the crane structure preventing further winding up of the hoist drum. Can also be inadvertent physical contact between the load block and the upper block or other part of the trolley.

Undervoltage Protection
A device operative on the reduction or failure of voltage to cause and maintain the interruption of power in the main circuit.

Variable Frequency
A method of control by which the motor supply frequency can be adjusted.

Voltage Drop
The loss of voltage in an electric conductor between supply tap and load tap.

Web Plate
The vertical plate connecting the upper and lower flanges or cover plates of a girder.

Wheelbase
Distance from center-to-center of outermost wheels.

Wheel Load, Bridge
The vertical force (without impact) produced on any bridge wheel by the sum of the rated load, trolley weight, and bridge weight, with the trolley so positioned on the bridge as to give maximum loading.

Wheel Load, Trolley
The vertical force (without impact) produced on any trolley wheel by the sum of the rated load and the trolley weight.